Rates are even higher among adults aged 18 to 29 years (96%) and 30 to 49 years (95%). In 2021, 85% of Americans owned a smartphone, up from just 35% in 2011. mHealth-the “medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices including mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, personal digital assistants.and other wireless devices” -is on the rise due to the growth in smartphone ownership. The use of e-technologies has been associated with higher rates of breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks and 6 months, breastfeeding attitudes, and breastfeeding knowledge. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies can address some barriers to breastfeeding by offering tracking features, data on user behavior, and information. The reasons for early supplementation and breastfeeding cessation include inadequate knowledge perceived inconvenience or embarrassment medical conditions or lactation issues lack of professional, family, and social support early return to work marketing of human milk substitutes and societal norms and policies. Yet in the United States, only 1 in 4 infants born in 2018 were exclusively breastfed through 6 months, and about 1 in 3 were still breastfed at 12 months. Many national and international health authorities recommend that infants be fed only human milk during the first 6 months of life, with continued breastfeeding alongside appropriate complementary foods for 1 year or longer.
Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and it is associated with improved maternal and infant health outcomes.
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